Leslie Marmon Silko

The Man to Send Rain Clouds

They found him under a big cottonwood tree. His Levi jacket and pants were faded light-blue so that he had been easy to find. The big cottonwood tree stood apart from a small grove of winterbare cottonwoods which grew in the wide, sandy, arroyo. He had been dead for a day or more, and the sheep had wandered and scattered up and down the arroyo. Leon and his brother-in-law, Ken, gathered the sheep and left them in the pen at the sheep camp before they returned to the cottonwood tree. Leon waited under the tree while Ken drove the truck through the deep sand to the edge of the arroyo. He squinted up at the sun and unzipped his jacket. It sure was hot for this time of year. But high and northwest the blue mountains were still deep in snow. Ken came sliding down the low, crumbling bank about fifty yards down, and he was bringing the red blanket.

Before they wrapped the old man, Leon took a piece of string out of his pocket and tied a small gray feather in the old man’s long white hair. Ken gave him the paint. Across the brown wrinkled forehead he drew a streak of white and along the high cheekbones he drew a strip of blue paint. He paused and watched Ken throw pinches of corn meal and pollen into the wind that fluttered the small gray feather. Then Leon painted with yellow under the old man’s broad nose, and finally, when he had painted green across the chin, he smiled.

“Send us rain clouds, Grandfather.” They laid the bundle in the back of the pickup and covered it with with a heavy tarp before they started back to the pueblo.

They turned off the highway onto the sandy pueblo road. Not long after they passed the store and post office they saw Father Paul’s car coming toward them. When he recognized their faces he slowed his car and waved for them to stop. The young priest rolled down the car window.

“Did you find old Teofilo?” he asked loudly.

Leon stopped the truck. “Good morning, Father. We were just out to the sheep camp. Everything is O.K. now.”

“Thank God for that. Teofilo is a very old man. You really shouldn’t allow him to stay at the sheep camp alone.”

“No, he won’t do that any more now.”

“Well, I’m glad you understand. I hope I’ll be seeing you at Mass this week. We missed you last Sunday. See if you can get old Teofilo to come with you.” The priest smiled and waved at them as they drove away.

Louise and Teresa were waiting. The table was set for lunch, and the coffee was boiling on the black iron stove. Leon looked at Louise and then at Teresa.

“We found him under a cottonwood tree in the big arroyo near sheep camp. I guess he sat down to rest in the shade and never got up again.” Leon walked toward the old man’s bed.

The red plaid shawl had been shaken and spread carefully over the bed, and a new brown flannel shirt and pair of stiff new Levis were arranged neatly beside the pillow. Louise held the screen door open while Leon and Ken carried in the red blanket. He looked small and shriveled, and after they dressed him in the new shirt and pants he seemed more shrunken.

It was noontime now because the church bells rang the Angelus. They ate the beans with hot bread, and nobody said anything until after Teresa poured the coffee.

Ken stood up and put on his jacket.

“I’ll see about the gravediggers. Only the top layer of soil is frozen. I think it can be ready before dark.”

Leon nodded his head and finished his coffee. After Ken had been gone for a while, the neighbors and clans people came quietly to embrace Teofilo’s family and to leave food on the table because the gravediggers would come to eat when they were finished.

The sky in the west was full of pale-yellow light. Louise stood outside with her hands in the pockets of Leon’s green army jacket that was too big for her. The funeral was over, and the old men had taken their candles and medicine bags and were gone. She waited until the body was laid into the pickup before she said anything to Leon. She touched his arm, and he noticed that her hands were still dusty from the corn meal that she had sprinkled around the old man.
When she spoke, Leon could not hear her.

“What did you say? I didn’t hear you.”

“I said that I had been thinking about something.”

“About what?”

“About the priest sprinkling holy water for Grandpa. So he won’t be thirsty.”

Leon stared at the new moccasins that Teofilo had made for the ceremonial dances in the summer. They were nearly hidden by the red blanket. It was getting colder, and the wind pushed gray dust down the narrow pueblo road. The sun was approaching the long mesa where it disappeared during the winter. Louise stood there shivering and watching his face. Then he zipped up his jacket and opened the truck door. “I’ll see if he’s there.”

Ken stopped the pickup at the church, and Leon got out; and then Ken drove down the hill to the graveyard where people were waiting. Leon knocked at the old carved door with its symbols of the Lamb. While he waited he looked up at the twin bells from the king of Spain with the last sunlight pouring around them in their tower.

The priest opened the door and smiled when he saw who it was. “Come in! What brings you here this evening?”

The priest walked toward the kitchen, and Leon stood with his cap in his hand, playing with the earflaps and examining the living room, the brown sofa, the green armchair, and the brass lamp that hung down from the ceiling by links of chain. The priest dragged a chair out of the kitchen and offered it to Leon.

“No thank you, Father. I only came to ask you if you would bring your holy water to the graveyard.”

The priest turned away from Leon and looked out the window at the patio full of shadows and the dining-room windows of the nuns’ cloister across the patio. The curtains were heavy, and the light from within faintly penetrated; it was impossible to see the nuns inside eating supper.

“Why didn’t you tell me he was dead? I could have brought the Last Rites anyway.”

Leon smiled. “It wasn’t necessary, Father.”

The priest stared down at his scuffed brown loafers and the worn hem of his cassock. “For a Christian burial it was necessary.”

His voice was distant, and Leon thought that his blue eyes looked tired.

“It’s O.K. Father, we just want him to have plenty of water.”

The priest sank down into the green chair and picked up a glossy missionary magazine. He turned the colored pages full of lepers and pagans without looking at them.

“You know I can’t do that, Leon. There should have been the Last Rites and a funeral Mass at the very least.”

Leon put on his green cap and pulled the flaps down over his ears. “It’s getting late, Father. I’ve got to go.”

When Leon opened the door Father Paul stood up and said, “Wait.” He left the room and came back wearing a long brown overcoat. He followed Leon out the door and across the dim churchyard to the adobe steps in front of the church. They both stooped to fit through the low adobe entrance. And when they started down the hill to the graveyard only half of the sun was visible above the mesa.

The priest approached the grave slowly, wondering how they had managed to dig into the frozen ground; and then he remembered that this was New Mexico, and saw the pile of cold loose sand beside the hole. The people stood close to each other with little clouds of steam puffing from their faces. The priest looked at them and saw a pile of jackets, gloves, and scarves in the yellow, dry tumbleweeds that grew in the graveyard. He looked at the red blanket, not sure that Teofilo was so small, wondering if it wasn’t some perverse Indian trick or something they did in March to ensure a good harvest, wondering if maybe old Teofilo was actually at sheep camp corralling the sheep for the night.

But there he was, facing into a cold dry wind and squinting at the last sunlight, ready to bury a red wool blanket while the faces of his parishioners were in shadow with the last warmth of the sun on their backs. His fingers were stiff, and it took him a long time to twist the the lid off the holy water. Drops of water fell on the red blanket and soaked into dark icy spots. He sprinkled the grave and the water disappeared almost before it touched the dim, cold sand; it reminded him of something, and he tried to remember what it was because he thought if he could remember he might understand this. He sprinkled more water; he shook the container until it was empty, and the water fell through the light from sundown like August rain that fell while the sun was still shining, almost evaporating before it touched the wilted squash flowers.

The wind pulled at the priest’s brown Franciscan robe and swirled away the corn meal and pollen that had been sprinkled on the blanket. They lowered the bundle into the ground, and they didn’t bother to untie the stiff pieces of new rope that were tied around the ends of the blanket. The sun was gone, and over on the highway the eastbound lane was full of headlights. The priest walked away slowly.

Leon watched him climb the hill, and when he had disappeared within the tall, thick walls, Leon turned to look up at the high blue mountains in the deep snow that reflected a faint red light from the west. He felt good because it was finished, and he was happy about the sprinkling of the holy water; now the old man could send them big thunderclouds for sure.

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Critical Thinking
Respond: What did you find most intersting about this story
[2] What do Leon & Ken find at the begining of the story?
[3]Infer: Why does Leon avoid telling Father Paul about Teofilo?
[4] Infer: What insight into the Pueblo people does Father Paul gain during the ceremony?
[5] Draw Conclusions: What do Leon’s thoughts after Teofilo’s burial reveal about his views of death?
[6] Compare & Contrast: What does the ending reveal about the contrasts between Pueblo & Christian beliefs?

Is conflict necessary?
Why does Father Paul decide that the conflict over modern & traditional death rituals is not “necessary”?

“The Man To Send Rain Clouds” – Leslie Marmon Silko Short Story Summar

Modern setting (written in 1969) but incorporates the rituals and traditions of the ancient Laguna Pueblo people

The Laguna Pueblo people believe that their dead relatives will become Cloud People and bring the gift of rain.
Rain was an important element in Native American life because it sustained all life.

*Setting – sheep camp belonging to the Laguna Pueblo people

*Main characters – Leon and Ken (brother-in-laws)

Teofilo (dead grandfather)

Louise and Teresa (family members)

Father Paul (Christian priest)

• Leon and Ken find Teofilo dead in the sheep camp, he had been dead for at least a day or more
• Leon and Ken prepare him for burial by:
  • tying a gray feather in his hair
  • painted his face with white, blue, yellow and green streaks
  • throwing corn meal and pollen into the wind

 

• As they prepared him for burial, they asked “Send us rain clouds, Grandfather”
• They put Teofilo’s wrapped body in the back of their truck covered with a tarp
• Father Paul passes them on the road and asks for them to bring Teofilo to mass this week
• They do not tell him Teofilo is dead à they want to bury him in their own way!
• The family provides Teofilo with a Laguna Pueblo burial including their traditions à use candles and medicinal practices (magical influences)
• Louise and Leon discuss asking Father Paul to sprinkle holy water on Teofilo’s grave à they are conflicted because that is a Christian tradition and they think Father will be upset
• Leon and Ken ask Father to sprinkle holy water on Teofilo’s grave à he is upset that no one told him and he mentions that he could have performed Last Rites (another Christian tradition)
• Leon tries to reassure Father that they did not need a Christian burial however they want Teofilo to have water so he will not be thirsty
• Father resists at first claiming that there should have been at least a few more Christian traditions
• Father Paul eventually decides to sprinkle holy water on the grave
• When he arrives, the priest wonders if this is real and if it is perhaps an “Indian trick” to ensure a good harvest
• Father sprinkles water all over the grave
• Leon is happy that Father agreed – “now the old man could send them big thunderclouds for sure.”

Main conflicts à 1. Leon and Ken do not tell Father about Teofilo’s death

2. Leon needs to ask Father for holy water (Should he do it?)
3. Father Paul needs to decide if he should comply with Leon’s request

despite the fact that it was not a traditional Christian burial

**Remember à Traditions and rain are both important